Essay a Note on the Institution of Al-Hisbah and Its Economic Functions

These Short Essays are partial fulfillment of Paper IE1001 of Part 1 of Certified Islamic Finance Professional (CIFP) [DRAFT V0. 5] INCEIF Student Name: Mustafa Aydemir Student ID: 1200279 Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Essay (4) A note on the institution of al-Hisbah and its economic functions in today’s economy. A short Essay by Mustafa Aydemir There are various controlling mechanisms in Islam. Allah swt is overseeing his entire creation; Self-discipline and control by a person self; a persons supervising another person; and the accountability system elaborated in this essay, namely Hisbah.Forbidding the wrong is a divinely imposed obligation on every Muslim. In other words, an executive power of the law of Allah (swt) in vested in each and every one follower of the Islamic faith. This concept points out that it is not only a right but a duty on a single Muslim to issue orders lenient to Gods law, and to do everything in his capacity that they are followed (Cook, 2001). It is the second statement of the Islamic doctrine ‘al-amr bil-maruf wa nahy an al-munkar’ that can can be considered the foundation of Hisbah.It is derived from the Quran verses â€Å"Commanding right and forbidding wrong† (3-110), (3-104), (7-157), (9-71). Beside being an individual obligation of a Muslim to actively seeking the rightful and actively removing the prohibited, Hisbah is a spiritual institution under the power of the state that appoints citizens to carry out the responsibility of enjoining what is right, whenever people start to neglect it, and forbidding what is wrong, whenever people start to engage in it.It is aiming to safeguard a nation from deviance, protect Iman (faith), and ensure the well-being of all people in both spiritual and matters in our daily life according to the Islamic law. It is common knowledge of a Muslim that Allah has made it obligatory to all believers to command well and prevent wrongdoing to the extent of his or her knowledge and capabilities. The following Quranic verse describes: â€Å"Let there arise from you a group calling to all that is good, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong. It is these who are successful. (3:104) Furthermore, the following hadith highlights: â€Å"On the authority of Abu Sa'eed al-Khudree (radiAllaahu anhu) who said : I heard the Messenger of Allaah (sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam) say : Whosoever of you sees an evil, let him change it with his hand; and if he is not able to do so, then [let him change it] with his tongue; and if he is not able to do so, then with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith. (Al Sahih al Muslim)† Hisbah is a religious institution that may be one of the formal departments of a Muslim state.The institution would be specialized in fulfilling the aforementioned obligatory task of enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong. The Hisbah is the structured means of carrying out this duty. In today’s economy, Hisbah may be organized around monitoring and ultimately trying to safeguard the limits set by Shariah from being violated as an enforcement agency. Consequently, the execution of Hisbah is protecting the well-being of the society as well as ensuring public safety from committing sins, similar to Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).The obvious question to be answered weather an elected government would takeover the coordination of Hisbah. Hence, the role of the state in the economy to safeguard life and property of all individuals within its boundaries would be supported and accompanied by Hisbah. The role of the state was continuously discussed and studied in Islamic thoughts since the early days (Chapra, 1995) . One of which, the Hisbah institution could be a department under the Economic ministry to watch over markets and ensure stability, fairness and prevent unlawful trade practices.What is good for individuals may be applied to economic activities by the Hisbah institution. (INCEIF Lecture Notes). The advantage of Hisbah in particular is highlighted in all its power within Islamic financial institutions. It includes monitoring a financial institution through a rigorous Shariah governance framework. But even a marketplace and manufacturing are of concern to make sure that Shariah-compliance is given. The work of a Shariah Supervisory Board may be considered as Hisbah, or at least affiliated to it.A Shariah committee is appointed to oversee tasks of enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong through Shariah audits, training and advisory activities required to ensure compatibility of an Islamic financial institution with Islamic law. Hisbah in terms of accounting and auditing activities to ensure Shariah-compliance in every industry sector maybe tested in a pilot project if it would ultimately help to improve the well being of all people and hence support Maqasid al Shariah.The bigger the motivation of Muslims are to implementing Islamic values , and the more effective socio-economic institutions are in creating a fair equilibrium between resources and their claims, the smaller will be the role of the state (coordinating Hisbah) will have to play in the economy. We all must take inspiration from what the Qur'an says: And if they strive in Our Cause. We will certainly guide them to Our Ways. For Allah is undoubtedly with those who strive for the good (29-69).

Parole and Probation Essay

â€Å"A term coined by John Augustus from the Latin term†probare†- to prove, to test; the origin for the Probation came from English Law in the Middle Ages. †(A Brief History of Probation) â€Å"In 1841He persuaded Boston Police Court to release an adult drunkard into his custody rather than send him to prison- the prevalent means dealing with law violations at that time. †(Meet John Augustus, 2007) He was successful in improving the drunkards’ condition. It wasn’t a task done without controversies. Other police, court clerks and turnkeys didn’t agree with what John Augustus was doing, because this was taking away their pay. They got paid for those that were incarcerated, not the ones John Augustus took in his custody. â€Å"In 1878 Massachusetts passed the first probation statute mandating an official State Probation System with salaried officers. Other states followed suit. †(Meet John Augustus, 2007) â€Å"On July 1, 1930 the Division of Parole was established in the Executive Department. †(History of Parole in New York State) This meant that the Department of Corrections would no longer make decisions on which parolees would be released from prison. This responsibility was given to the fulltime Board of Parole that had been established by the Executive Department. â€Å"In 1917 Division of Parole was consolidated with the Department of Corrections to form the Department of Corrections Services (DOCS). †(History of Parole in New York State) â€Å"The Sentencing Reform Act of 1998 referred to as Jenna’s Law added a new dimension to the Division through the elimination of discretionary release for all violent felony offenders while mandating court imposed periods of post release supervision of 1. to 5 years that the offender must serve after his period of incarceration imposed by the court. †(History of the Parole in New York State) Taken a closer look it seems that probation and parole are basically the same thing, its’ like they did the same work but only had different names. No, if you think of it that way you are wrong they are both in the same agency or department but they are not the same. There is a difference; â€Å"probation is part and parcel in the offenders initial sentence and parole comes much faster allowing the offender early release from prison sentence. (Findlaw, 2008) Probation is alternative used by the courts, instead of sending the offender to prison. The courts put restrictions and supervision; they go through sanctions depending on their offense. If they are drug addicts they put them through a rehabilitation program to help them get cleaned. They put them through school to learn a skill so they can find a job. If necessary they also go through anger management classes. There is a variety of sanctions available which the probation officers prepare for them to go through to better themselves and keep from falling in the same offense or any other one over and over. Parole helps the inmates to return to the community after serving part of their prison term. There is a very strict process through which they have to go through to be able to return to the community as a normal person and not as an outcast. There are many sanctions they have to go through to help them be prepared to return back to civilization and not return as a repeat offender. Probation and Parole officers have large caseloads, more than reasonably acceptable, but there’s nothing they can do about it. They do the best they can to help the offenders get ready and feel confident about themselves and their return to their communities. These officers are assigned to areas where they know the community and its resources. This way they are able to provide better help for the offenders. Some offenders have specialized cases and the Probation and Parole officers focus on these special areas; supervision is provided by Parole for domestic violence, sexual assault, violent youthful offenders and other types of offenders. More and more conservatives now favor the abolishing parole, sharply curtailing probation, imprisoning over adult felons for his or her entire term and warehousing juvenile offenders in adult jails. †(Dilulio Jr. , 1997) To abolish probation and parole is not a very good idea. It just needs work and money to be invested on it. They need to hire more officers for Probation and Parole to help alleviate the load they have now. By hiring more personnel, they can put the light cases to a team of officers; this can help the officers that have specialized cases, it will make the caseloads they have now lighter for them. This gives them more time to focus on the special needs of the offenders. Being able to spend more time to help the offenders get through and be able to understand what and why they are doing some of these sanctions and what benefits they will get out of them. Once they understand they will look forward to continuing and finishing these sanctions because it will make them a better person and feel a change in their lives. This will be a big help to the Probation and Parole officers; they will be able to rigorously enforce the sanctions the offenders go through, and be proud of them when they complete these sanctions and become better citizens. It will be even better when the officers see a year or two or three pass by and don’t see the offenders return. The main thing needed is for more money to be invested to Probation and Parole. There are many things that are being studied foe the betterment of Probation and Parole. Innovations† in probation on July 2007 â€Å"Assessing New York City’s automated Reporting System†; New York City Department of Probation has successfully used the Kiosk System to focus its’ resourced on probationers identified as high risk through increasingly reporting and lower caseloads by assigning larger number of low-risk to high case loads. †(Department of Probation, 2008) This is just one of the many innovations that will help Probation and I recommend it. Parole is a tougher cookie to bite, because some of the offenders just aren’t going through the programs that they need to go through. The Parole Officer often wastes their time going after the bad offenders to get them to follow their program. There is nothing they can do if they’re not willing to help themselves; they will eventually commit other crimes. For these offenders the â€Å"three strikes you’re out† law will work well. You give them three chances and they fail them then their â€Å"out†, in other words they go back to prison to finish their sentence and on top they will serve for the new crimes they have committed; and should have a no parole policy after the â€Å"three strikes you’re out† law. On the other hand there are those offenders that are putting all their efforts to stay off drugs, remain sober and get a job. These offenders are ignored and forgotten because they’re too busy chasing the bad non-compliant ones. If they pay more attention to the ones that are ignored they can make a big difference by letting everyone see that it can be done , they can be turned to a self-reliant person that can go back into the community without fear of being treated as an outcast. Martin Horn, formerly head of New York State’s Parole Authority and Commissioner of Prisons in Pennsylvania. † †Horns notion is to reinvent Parole on the basis of a â€Å"personal responsibility† model. Released personnel would be given the equivalent of a parole voucher. For a fixed time-say two years-hes can use the voucher to seek education, job training, drug treatment or other services from state selected providers. If he wants to help himself, he can, if not heâ€℠¢s on his own. Do a new crime during this period-bite the hand that is offering you a way to help yourself and you do the time for the crime, plus a year or two. †(Dilulio Jr, 1997) This is also a notion that Horn had and O believe the only way to see if it works is to put it to the test. It’s the only way to know if this reinvention to Parole will work to improve what is now available in Parole. Just like the Kiosk System seems to be working, now Philadelphia Probation wants New York City Probation to help them create a Kiosk-Based Automated System just like the one they have in New York City Probation. Reference http://www.nyc.gov/html/prob/home.html

Remington Consulting Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Remington Consulting Group - Essay Example Elements of intellectual capital include human capital, social capital, and organizational capital. The branch of economic theory concerned with the value embodied in a firm’s human resources is known as human capital management. Human capital management has been described as "a strategic approach to people management that focuses on issues that are critical to the organization's success." The most significant link between human resources management and human capital management is the definition of the link between the two. Human capital management is concerned with the measurement metrics. However, it is not primarily about measurement but creating and demonstrating the value that people and people management can contribute to an organization. The practice of human capital management begins with the collection of data and continuation with measurements and reporting. Specific applications of human capital management relate to human resources strategy formulation, talent manag ement, learning and development, knowledge management, performance management, and reward management (Baron and Armstrong, 2008). Human capital management practices allow value extraction rather than value creation as a way to maximize the value of the firm. Human capital has been considered an organization’s intangible assets. These include competencies such as skills, experience, potential and capacity. It is widely believed that people with the right profile and capability provide a competitive advantage that cannot be replicated. Changes in practices have led human capital to become an important driver of organizational performance. Drivers include the acceptance that human capital is a key asset driving creation of value; move in human resource function from efficiency to effectiveness, the cost to adding value, inputs to outputs, data collection to analysis, and operational performance (Ceridian, 2007). In the case study, Remington has not focussed on the value that can be derived from their human resources. The firm has consultants for specific domains within each branch. However, the use of tools to maximize human capital management has not been optimized.

Language of everyday life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Language of everyday life - Essay Example When one means something but the other understands another, and they do not clear up the gaps that peek through, then, usually, they end up arguing in circles and separate ways with ill feelings. That is what usually happens when men and women have miscommunication. Much may be attributed to gender differences in their communication patterns. This paper will investigate why there is usually miscommunication between men and women by exploring each other’s communication patterns. It would include a discussion on the differences of how boys and girls were raised as well as society’s expectations from them. It will also discuss how men and women differ in communication in the context of personal and professional relationships, both in verbal and non-verbal ways. The research intends to analyze reasons for miscommunication between men and women and how it affects the quality of relationship established in the workplace. Societal expectations of gender roles play a great role in how men and women communicate and this will be studied in more detail. Work culture is also analyzed, as several workers still hold on to gender stereotypes that men have an upper hand over women. This gives men more confidence in terms of using communication patterns which may be intimidating to women. Throughout the discussion, other topics in the course may be touched on as well as some areas in linguistics and psychology. Specifically, it will differentiate verbal patterns used by each gender to express themselves in different situations at work. The significance of this research lies in bringing out the truth behind common misunderstandings and their root causes, to enlighten readers about certain miscommunication issues. It will help them understand where the other gender is coming from and hopefully, move on to more productive and more effective communication skills that brings about more harmonious relationships. This study

A Theme In Human Evolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Theme In Human Evolution - Research Paper Example An exanimation of the fossil records for the hominids can reveal much information on the early forms of the present creatures. The study of human remains did not feature until the nineteenth century when archaeologists realized that the culture and the morphology of early man could be revealed by the remains and the tools that were found buried with these remains (Greene, 11). A comparison between the morphology of the different fossils can be made to provide an insight into the relationships that occur between populations of organisms at different stages in the evolution process. Much information regarding the human culture could be obtained through the study of such remains. It has been noted that by studying the bone morphology of the fossils â€Å"one can understand the nutritional status, diet, disease processes, factors affecting mortality and life expectancy, biological responses to environmental stressors and aging of our ancestors† (Seth, 19). The teeth of animals wil l be related to the kinds of food that they consume. The herbivorous animals feed on vegetation and have many large molar teeth for chewing the fibrous foods. On the other hand, carnivorous animals like lion have large canine teeth that are used for killing and tearing the meat of their prey. The early hominids had the ape-like U-shaped dental arcade whereas the modern, man has a parabolic dental arcade. These early hominids and the modern man have the same dental formula of 2.1.2.3= 32.   This means two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molar teeth on both sides of the upper and lower jaws. However, there is a difference in the teeth structure and size between the early hominids and the modern man. This has been caused by the difference in the kinds of food that have been consumed by man at different stages of evolution. The early hominids were mainly herbivorous and had large molars for chewing the high roughage content foods.

Health Care Policy in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Policy in the United States - Essay Example Health care in the United States has evolved considerably since its inception. Prior to 1990s, people rarely spoke about health care coverage issues, as health care was considered exclusively for the upper middle class of the society (Kronenfeld, 2002). Over the years of economic development in the United States, the health care policies came to include the middle and lower income classes of society. Over the course of 50 years, the United States has transformed the health care system into a billion-dollar industry. The companies, shareholders, and stakeholders associated with the health care system experienced huge gains and rapid growth throughout the period. The general health care was viewed important by each and every American; they took pride in the development of the system within the country, the increasing use of ever-evolving technologies, and the growth of modernized hospitals located throughout the country (Kronenfeld, 2002). Americans across the nation started believing that health care system was one of the contributing factors behind the enormous economic growth. A series of statistical studies regarding the health care system of the country revealed that they system was collapsing. Several independent researchers within the system concluded that the health care system was in a position of providing proper health care to only 60% of the chronically ill of the country. One of the main reasons supporting this theory was that about 15.8% of Americans were not covered by health insurance despite the United States spending 12% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1990 on health care (Patel & Rushefsky, 2006). The other industrialized countries of the world – mainly Canada, West Germany, and Japan – spent much less on the health care of the country, yet were still able to provide comprehensive coverage to a greater portion of their populations. Use of the most advanced techniques for improving health care thus did not translate into a h ealthy population (Kronenfeld, 2002). Key amongst the problems with the health care system of the United States was the existence of more than one health care system. According to the study made by Torrens in the year, 1988 there were four different health care systems in the country. The first system covered the middle and the high-income group of the country – those were regularly employed and possessed comprehensive health insurance policies. The second system covered the poor population – those without any insurance coverage. The third and the fourth system of health insurance covered the working military personnels and their dependents and the retired military people, respectively (Kronenfeld, 2002). The health care system of the United States in essence had most of the population covered by private insurance and the government providing insurance mainly for the backward section of the society. To overcome the loopholes of the system of health care of the country and to alleviate the problems relating to the presence of more than one health care system in the country, one option is to form a nationalized health care system with the government of the country acting as the single player of the health care system. The total spending of the system of health care would be done from the government budget. Hence the government

Crunch Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crunch - Case Study Example Crunch advertises to all different individuals. The crunch club has an inviting environment that allows members to feel welcome regardless of their age, sex or weight. This type of environment brings in all different types of people. When Crunch first started out, they planned on targeting men. They offered cardio exercises aimed at men. Women quickly swarmed to the idea of the cardio exercises. Crunch targets all different people. As stated in their philosophy; Men and women, young and old, fat or thin, and blonde or brunette. Targeting a different market then most gyms is what helped make Crunch a success. All types of people enjoy the gym and that is why it is important and beneficial to target all different types of individuals. The Crunch brand stands for the ability to offer mid priced memberships and access to gyms that make others feel welcome even if they are not flawless. The Crunch brand is not competitive to its members and represents all different types of people not just those who are physically fit. It is obvious that Levine is motivated to rise above other gyms and become a leader in the fitness world. From the beginning, Levine had an eye for what was â€Å"in† at the time. When Levine first opened Crunch he noticed that aerobics was very popular. Levine figured that men would be interested in this new craze. Seeing the possibility of what the future holds, gave Levine much needed motivation to succeed. Levine, with a theatrical background, wanted his aerobic classes to carry the same sense. His background and ability to hustle gave him much needed strength to make it in an already flourished industry. Levine had to find out what could set his gyms apart from other gyms. He was constantly motivated by doing what was new and what people wanted. Seeing growth from the start was an easy motivator. Most of Levine’s visions were successful. Having successful business decisions from the start were motivation to new

On the Privatization of IRS Tax Debt Collection Essay

On the Privatization of IRS Tax Debt Collection - Essay Example Now, what does this new development in the tax paying system tells the American people This tells Americans that despite being the world's most powerful country, the American government has its weaknesses and tax debt collection is one of them. In an ideal world, IRS as the primary handler of the country's revenues should have been capable and responsible to do its functions properly. Although the IRS fronts a positive face in light of this recent development for the privatization strategy, it does not hide the fact that in seeking the services of private companies, they are indirectly admitting incompetence or ineffectiveness on their recent and previous tax collection systems. Why seek the services of private sectors when the government agency itself should be or should have been capable given the capabilities and resources of the country Does it also mean that the employees of IRS are not capable enough to encompass the responsibilities of the government agency That they lack the needed skilled people in their side In this instance, public service has acknowledged defeat to private services. One other great concern of critics is that taxpayer's rights are greatly put at risk of violations on their rights given under this scheme.

Obesity among school-aged Native American Children in New Research Paper

Obesity among school-aged Native American Children in New - Research Paper Example The essay describes the Native American community in New Mexico in terms of its similarities and diversity in the wider American society. The paper also provides a variety of causes and reasons for the obesity epidemic among Native American young children. Finally, the paper suggests several intervention measures that can be implemented to abate the current obesity problem. Different stakeholders, including community and public health practitioners, need to come together with other state agencies to provide early interventions and treatment measures. Obesity among children is a significant health challenge in the US. According to the National Center for Health statistics (2009), the number of children suffering from obesity has more than doubled since 1980.According to the healthy people 2020 report (2014), the focus of improving the quality of life should be towards eradicating chronic diseases such as obesity. This paper discusses several multifaceted causes and solutions to eradicate this pervasive health problem. Childhood obesity in the US has hit epidemic proportions, putting children at risk for preventable chronic and acute medical complications. Children depend on adults around them in order to recognize several health hazards in their environment and respond to their health needs appropriately. The children go through several changes physically and emotionally as they continue to grow and develop (Healthy Kids New Mexico, 2014). This makes them a very vulnerable group, which requires great attention in order to be able to access better treatment and preventive measures. The changes they go through can predispose children to various health problems as well as affecting their social relationships with people around them. Most of the health problems resulting from obesity are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Obesity also has a tremendous impact on the psychological development of school-aged children since it affects their